CITATION FORMATTING for DELL 104

The References list

Students should follow consistent APA format for the citation of sources. The References list belongs at the end of the essay.

A web site:

Some websites now list how they wish to be referenced.  In absence of such information, you may use the following model:

Author’s name.  (Date of publication) Title of article or page within website.  In Title of website homepage.  Retrieved from URL.

[Note: Indicate the absence of a publication date by using n.d. as in the entry below.]

Example:

American Foundation for the Blind. (n.d.). Helen Keller. In AFB: American foundation for the blind.      Retrieved from http://www.afb.org.

Citation Examples for Texts

A chapter of a book:

Schumacher, E.F. (2010). Peace and permanence. In Small is beautiful: Economics as if people mattered. (pp. 23 – 41). New York: Harper Perennial. (Original work published in 1973).

An excerpt from a book:

Thoreau, H. D. (2005).  Civil disobedience. Excerpted in J. F. Freeman (Ed.) Freedom, authority, and resistance (pp. 367-391). Vol.II:  Lynchburg College Symposium Readings (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: XLibris.  (Original work published 1849).

A journal article:

Hardin, G. (2009). The tragedy of the commons. In. D. Freier (Ed.) Shaping the environment: science, technology, and society (pp. 295-314). Vol. VIII: Lynchburg College Symposium Readings (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: XLibris. (Original work published 1968).

In-text citations

Cite sources that you quote, paraphrase, or summarize. Give page numbers when you quote directly from printed material. When you cite sources, put the dates in parenthetical citations. For print works the date of original publication of the source comes first, and then the date of publication for the version you used, separated by a slash line.

A citation looks like this:  author’s last name, date(s) of publication, page number(s).

Example: (Tolstoy, 1896/2010, p. 32)  This might follow your own thoughts:

Many writers have suggested that as advanced technology becomes more widely used, the job market will improve (Bush, 1944/2008; Keynes, 1952/1982; Childress, 1950/2008).

or might follow a paragraph of quoted text:

How much sooner one tires of any thing than of a book!  (Austen, 1813)

You may use a signal phrase -- words like "Austen wrote" or "Bush said" -- to specify who you're quoting.  If you do, put the citation at the start of the sentence:

Bush (1944/2008) asserted that “advancements in science when put to practical use mean more jobs” (p. 16).  ß Note that the citation goes before the period.

Note that the page number is required for the direct quotation.

A summary or paraphrase of Bush’s argument in general does not require a page number.

Avoid dropping in quotes without a clear signal as to its relevance:

            Technology has an impact on the economy.  “[A]dvancements in science … mean more jobs” (Bush, 1944/2008, p. 16).

Instead, use a signal phrase to offer context:

Bush (1944/2008) asserted that “advancements in science … mean more jobs” (p. 16).